A. ICAO Standards
B.
USA IFR SEPARATION STANDARDS (AT RUNWAY THRESHOLD)
C.
UK SEPARATION STANDARDS (AT 4nm FROM THRESHOLD)
D.
UK FIVE CATEGORY CLASSICIFATION SYSTEM
SEPARATION
STANDARDS AT SOME MAJOR EUROPEAN AIRPORTS
SURVEY RESULTS
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(Specific airport or Country) |
used for operations |
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Occasional roof damage. |
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In
the last half of 1998 there was one aborted approach (F50 behind A320).
No building damage. |
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About 40 incidents of roof damage per year. |
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As part of its programme to increase
capacity Frankfurt is testing a new approach system called HALS/DTOP (=
High Approach landing System/Dual threshold Operation). This development
is described in:
ëThe Development of the Wake Vortices Warning System for Frankfurt Airport: Theory and Implementationí by Thomas Gurke and Heribert Lafferton, published in Air traffic Control Quarterly, Vol 5(1) 3-29, 1997. A colour brochure called: ëHALS DTOPí is available from ó Flughafen Frankfurt/Main AG Verkehrshafenmmanagement Systementwicklung und Luftverkehrstechnik D-60547 Frankfurt Tel +49 69 / 690 727 51, or DFS Deutsche Flugischerung GmbH Entwicklung und Erprobung Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 37 ó 39 D-63225 Langen Tel +49 6103 / 70 77 97, or Deutsche Lufthansa AG Operationelle Standards FRA OY/O Lufthansa Basis D-60546 Frankfurt Tel +49 69 / 696 937 39. |
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Jetstream 31 classified as light although W>7t; causes delays. |
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Separation
minima seem to be sufficient.
Some occasions of interference between departing Heavy aircraft and landing traffic due to ëjet washí. |
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No
accidents due to wake turbulence.
B757 is regarded as H when leading, M when following. Option for reducing separation to 2.5 nm is not available for aircraft following a H or a 757. A few requests for delayed take off due to risk of wake turbulence. A few cases (some requiring power to be applied) of wake turbulence during landing phase. |
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3 or 4 nm depending on type. | None reported |
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No
problems. 'Small' category to be added in 1999/2000.
B757 is regarded as H when leading, M when following. |
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Occasional roof damage in calm weather |
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Occasional roof damage at Kristiansand/Kjevik. |
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5
category (H,UM,LM,S,L) at the airports:- LHR, LGW, STN, MAN.
4 category (H,M,S,L) elsewhere.
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Roof damage problems at LHR. |
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Lead Aircraft |
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| Heavy
W > 136t |
Heavy
Medium Light |
4 nm
5 nm (2 min) 6nm (3 min) |
| Medium
7 t < W < 136t |
Heavy
Medium Light |
3 nm
3 nm 5 nm (3 min) |
| Light
W > 7 t |
Heavy
Medium Light |
3 nm
3 nm 3 nm |
|
Lead Aircraft |
|
Threshold (nautical miles) |
| Heavy
W > 115.77t |
Heavy
Large and B757 Small |
5 6 |
| Boeing 757
|
Heavy Large and B757 Small |
4 5 |
| Large
18.615t<W<115.77t |
Heavy
Large and B757 Small |
3 4 |
| Small
W<18.615 t |
Heavy
Large and B757 Small |
3 3 |
| Lead Aircraft | Follower Aircraft | 5 Category Separation (nm) | 4 Category Separation (nm) |
| Heavy | Heavy
Upper-medium Lower-medium Small Light |
5 5 6 7 + |
5 As U-M 6 8 |
| Upper Medium
|
Heavy Upper-medium Lower-medium Small Light |
3 4 + 4 6 |
3 As U-M 4 6 |
| Lower Medium | Heavy
Upper-medium Lower-medium Small Light |
* * 3 + 5 + |
3 As U-M 4 6 |
| Small | Heavy
Upper-medium Lower-medium Small Light |
* * * 3 + |
*
|
| Light | Heavy
Upper-medium Lower-medium Small Light |
* * * * |
* * * * |
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Aircraft Weight Category |
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Example Types |
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Heavy |
Generally >162 t |
B747/B767/DC10/L1011/ MD11/A310/A300/A330/ A340/1l86/An22/An124/C5/ 1l76/Concorde |
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Upper-Medium |
> 104 t < 162 t |
B757/DC8/B707/1l62/VC10 |
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Lower-Medium |
> 40 t
< 104 t |
B737/DC9/BAe111/Avro RJ |
| Small | > 17 t
< 40 t |
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Light |
> 17 t
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