# Wake Acoustic¶

## Description¶

Analyse the wake turbulence on a structured revolution surface around the axis of a turbomachine.

The turbulence of the flow is assumed to be modelled by the $$k-\varepsilon$$, $$k-\omega$$ or $$k-l$$ (Smith) models.

The analysis provided by the treatment is a set of radial profiles of values of interest: a set of variables defined by the user, plus $$urms$$ (turbulent velocity), $$Lint_1$$ (integral length scale estimated through a gaussian fit of the wake), $$Lint_2$$ (integral length scale estimated through turbulent variables), $$C$$ and $$L$$ (coefficients used to define $$Lint_2$$).

Different analyses are possible depending on the needs of the user:

• avg: azimuthal average of values of interest at each radius.

• line: extraction of values of interest on a line $$\theta(r)$$ defined by the user.

• avg_line_sectors: azimuthal average of values of interest over sectors centered on a $$\theta(r)$$ line.

• avg_wake_sectors: azimuthal average of values of interest over sectors centered on the center of wakes.

• wake_distinct: extraction of values over sectors centered on the center of wakes with wake gaussian modeling.

• wake_avg: average over sectors of profiles of wake_distinct.

These analyses and the formulae used are documented in the Formulae section.

## Construction¶

import antares
myt = antares.Treatment('wakeacoustic')


## Parameters¶

• base: antares.Base

The input base on which the wake is analysed. Read section Preconditions to know the assumptions on this base.

• cylindrical_coordinates: list(str), default= [‘x’, ‘r’, ‘theta’]

Names of the cylindrical coordinates: the axis of rotation (axial coordinate), the distance to this axis (radius), and the azimuth.

• type: str

Type of analysis to perform (possibilities are avg, line, avg_line_sectors, avg_wake_sectors, wake_distinct and wake_avg).

• turbulence_model: list(str)

Name of the turbulence model used (possibilities are k-epsilon, k-omega and k-l’).

• turbulence_variables: list(str)

Name of the turbulence variables, e.g. [‘k’, ‘l’].

• coef_variable: str, default= None

Name of the coefficient $$C$$ used to compute $$Lint2$$. When None, the default formulation given in subsection Extra Formulae is used, otherwise the formulation given in the computer model of the base is used (optional).

• static_temp_variable: str, default= None

Name of the static temperature variable, used to compute the default formulation of $$C$$ (optional when coef_variable is not None).

• avg_variables: list(str), default= []

Name of the variables to average (called $$user\_variable$$ in section Formulae). (optional).

• nb_azimuthal_sector: int

The input base is considered as one azimuthal sector. This parameter is the number of azimuthal sectors needed to fill a 360 deg configuration (e.g. when the base is 360 deg, nb_azimuthal_sector has value 1, when base is < 360 deg, nb_azimuthal_sector has value more than 1). (optional when using avg analysis).

• nb_blade: int

Number of blades per azimuthal sector. (optional when using avg and line analyses).

• line_base: antares.Base

The base representing the line $$\theta(r)$$. (optional: only for line and avg_line_sectors analyses).

• wake_factor: float

A percentage (in [0, 1]) used for wake analysis. (optional: only for wake_distinct and wake_avg analyses).

• option_X_bg: str, default= avg

Option for background variables formulation, see Extra Formulae. (optional: only for wake_distinct and wake_avg analyses).

• option_X_w: str, default= avg

Option for wake variables formulation, see Extra Formulae. (optional: only for wake_distinct and wake_avg analyses).

## Preconditions¶

The base must be 2D, and periodic in azimuth. The base must fulfill the following hypotheses: structured, monozone, shared radius and azimuth, regularity in r and theta (i.e. it is a set of rectangular cells in cylindrical coordinates), r is the first dimension and theta is the second dimension of the surface.

The base can be multi-instant.

The line_base must be 1D. If the line_base does not fulfill the following assumptions, the line_base is “normalized”: structured, monozone, shared radius, radius values sorted strictly ascending.

The line_base must be mono-instant.

## Postconditions¶

New variables are added to the input base.

The output base contains one zone per set of profiles.

## Example¶

# construction of a 2D base fulfilling the assumptions (see Preconditions).
# with cylindrical coordinates: 'x', 'r', 'theta'
# using k-epsilon turbulence model, with turbulent variables: 'k', 'eps'
# representing 1 over 22 azimuthal sectors, with 2 blades per azimuthal sector

b.set_formula('C = 1.0') # user-defined C coefficient (chosen arbitrarily in this example)

t = Treatment('wakeacoustic')
t['base'] = b
t['cylindrical_coordinates'] = ['x', 'r', 'theta']
t['type'] = 'avg_wake_sectors'
t['turbulence_model'] = 'k-epsilon'
t['turbulence_variables'] = ['k', 'eps']
t['coef_variable'] = 'C'
t['nb_azimuthal_sector'] = 22
base_out = t.execute()

# plot profiles
# e.g. urms_bg profile with base_out['wake_0'].shared['r'], base_out['wake_0'][0]['urms_bg']


## Known limitations¶

For the moment, the wake centers are only computed on the first Instant, and then, multi-instant bases are not correctly handled for avg_wake_sectors, wake_distinct, wake_avg. analyses.

## Formulae¶

### Definition of the Profiles¶

• avg
• $$user\_variable(r) = \text{mean}_\theta(user\_variable(r, \theta))$$

• $$urms_{bg}(r) = \sqrt{\text{mean}_\theta(urms^2(r, \theta))}$$

• $$urms_{w}(r) = 0$$

• $$Lint1_{bg}(r) = \texttt{NaN}$$

• $$Lint1_{w}(r) = \texttt{NaN}$$

• $$C_{bg}(r) = \text{mean}_\theta(C(r, \theta))$$

• $$C_{w}(r) = \text{mean}_\theta(C(r, \theta))$$

• $$L_{bg}(r) = \text{mean}_\theta(L(r, \theta))$$

• $$L_{w}(r) = \text{mean}_\theta(L(r, \theta))$$

• $$Lint2_{bg}(r) = \text{mean}_\theta(Lint2(r, \theta))$$

• $$Lint2_{w}(r) = \text{mean}_\theta(Lint2(r, \theta))$$

• line

In these formulae, $$\theta(r)$$ is a user-defined line as $$line\_base$$.

• $$user\_variable(r) = \text{mean}_\theta(user\_variable(r, \theta))$$

• $$urms_{bg}(r) = \sqrt{\text{mean}_\theta(urms^2(r, \theta))}$$

• $$urms_{w}(r) = 0$$

• $$Lint1_{bg}(r) = \texttt{NaN}$$

• $$Lint1_{w}(r) = \texttt{NaN}$$

• $$C_{bg}(r) = C(r, \theta(r))$$

• $$C_{w}(r) = C(r, \theta(r))$$

• $$L_{bg}(r) = L(r, \theta(r))$$

• $$L_{w}(r) = L(r, \theta(r))$$

• $$Lint2_{bg}(r) = Lint2(r, \theta(r))$$

• $$Lint2_{w}(r) = Lint2(r, \theta(r))$$

• avg_line_sectors

Same formulae than avg, but the treatment generates one set of profiles per blade, on sectors centered on $$\theta(r) + k \cdot \Delta \theta$$ of azimuthal width $$\Delta \theta = \frac{2 \pi}{nb\_azimuthal\_sector \cdot nb\_blade}$$, where $$\theta(r)$$ is given by the user as $$line\_base$$, $$k \in \{ 0, \cdots, nb\_blade\}$$.

• avg_wake_sectors

Same formulae than avg, but the treatment generates one set of profiles per blade, on sectors centered on $$\theta(r, k)$$ of azimuthal width $$\Delta \theta = \frac{2 \pi}{nb\_azimuthal\_sector \cdot nb\_blade}$$, where $$\theta(r, k)$$ is the center of the wake $$k$$ at radius $$r$$, $$k \in \{ 0, \cdots, nb\_blade\}$$.

• wake_distinct

In these formulae, the set of $$\theta$$ is the subset of all azimuthal values of the current wake $$k$$.

• $$user\_variable(k, r) = \text{mean}_\theta(user\_variable(r, \theta))$$

• $$urms_{bg}(k, r) = \sqrt{\text{min}_\theta(urms^2(r, \theta))}$$ when existing wake, otherwise $$\sqrt{\text{mean}_\theta(urms^2(r, \theta))}$$

• $$urms_{w}(k, r) = a1$$, given by the gaussian model when existing wake, otherwise $$0$$

• $$Lint1_{bg}(k, r) = 0.21 \cdot \sqrt{\log{2}} \cdot a3 \cdot r$$, where $$a3$$ is given by the gaussian model when existing wake, otherwise $$\texttt{NaN}$$

• $$Lint1_{w}(k, r) = 0.21 \cdot \sqrt{\log{2}} \cdot a3 \cdot r$$, where $$a3$$ is given by the gaussian model when existing wake, otherwise $$\texttt{NaN}$$

• $$X_{bg}(k, r)$$ with $$X \in \{C, L, Lint2\}$$:
• if option_X_bg = ‘avg’ and existing wake, then $$X_{bg}(k, r) = \text{mean}_{\theta bg}(X(r, \theta))$$

• if option_X_bg = ‘min’` and existing wake, then $$X_{bg}(k, r) = \min_{\theta bg}(X(r, \theta))$$

• if wake does not exist, $$X_{bg}(k, r) = \text{mean}_{\theta}(X(r, \theta))$$

• $$X_{w}(k, r)$$ with $$X \in \{C, L, Lint2\}$$:
• if option_X_w = ‘avg’ and existing wake, then $$X_{w}(k, r) = \text{mean}_{\theta w}(X(r, \theta))$$

• if option_X_w = ‘k_max’ and existing wake, then $$X_{w}(k, r) = X(r, \text{argmax}_\theta(urms^2))$$

• if option_X_w = ‘gaussian_center’ and existing wake, then $$X_{w}(k, r) = X(r, a2)$$

• if wake does not exist, $$X_{w}(k, r) = \text{mean}_{\theta}(X(r, \theta))$$

where $$\theta w$$ is the set of $$\theta$$ such that $$\sqrt{urms^2 - \min_\theta(urms^2)} > wake\_factor \cdot \sqrt{\min_\theta(urms^2)}$$, and $$\theta bg$$ is its complement. Note that extracting values at $$\text{argmax}_\theta(urms^2)$$, i.e. using option_X_w = ‘gaussian_center’, can lead to discontinuities in the profiles, e.g. when $$urms^2(\theta)$$ has a “M”-shape near its maximum.

• wake_avg

Average of profiles of wake_avg: $$X(r) = \dfrac{1}{N} \sum\limits_{k=0}^{N-1} X(k, r)$$.

### Gaussian Modelling¶

When using analyses wake_distinct and wake_avg, the wake is modelled at each radius by a gaussian function, enabling the computation of new values of interest (in particular $$Lint1$$).

This modelling is conditionned by the wake existence, which is fulfilled when there exists $$\theta$$ such that $$urms\_env (\theta) > wake\_factor \cdot \sqrt{\min_\theta(urms^2)}$$, where $$urms\_env = \sqrt{urms^2 - \min_\theta(urms^2)}$$.

When the wake exists, $$urms\_env$$ is fitted to the gaussian function $$g(\theta) = a_1 \cdot e^{-{\left(\dfrac{\theta - a_2}{a_3}\right)}^2}$$, parameterized by $$a_1$$, $$a_2$$ and $$a_3$$, using a nonlinear least squares method.

### Extra Formulae¶

The variables $$urms$$, $$C$$ and $$L$$ are computed using the following relations, where $$k$$, $$\varepsilon$$, $$\omega$$ and $$l$$ are the turbulent variables:

• $$urms^2 = \frac{2}{3} k$$.

• $$Lint2 = C \cdot L$$

• $$L = \dfrac{k^{3/2}}{\varepsilon} = \dfrac{\sqrt{k}}{0.09 \cdot \omega} = \dfrac{l}{0.0848^{3/4}}$$.

• $$C = 0.43 + \dfrac{14}{Re_\lambda^1.05}$$ or $$C$$ is user-defined using base.set_formula.

• $$Re_\lambda = \sqrt{\frac{20}{3} Re_L}$$.

• $$Re_L = \dfrac{k^2}{\varepsilon \cdot \nu} = \dfrac{k}{0.09 \cdot \omega \cdot \nu} = \dfrac{l \cdot \sqrt{k}}{0.0848^{0.75} \cdot \nu}$$.

• $$\nu = c_0 + c_1 \cdot T + c_2 \cdot T^2 + c_3 \cdot T^3$$ (air kinematic viscosity), $$c_0 = -3.400747 \cdot 10^{-6}$$, $$c_1 = 3.452139 \cdot 10^{-8}$$, $$c_2 = 1.00881778 \cdot 10^{-10}$$ and $$c_3 = -1.363528 \cdot 10^{-14}$$.